SECOND-ORDER CYBERNETICS

The cybernetics of systems involving their observers as opposed to the cybernetics of systems that are observed from the outside (von Foerster). Second-order cybernetics is a more recent development, involves the observer as a constitutive (see constitution) part of a circular organization and is concerned with self-reference, epistemology, autonomy, self-GOVERNMENT, autopoiesis to name just a few phenomena. (Krippendorff)

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